An adjoint-based Navier-Stokes design method is used for optimization, which is considered to be more efficient. This method, used with the OpenFOAM solver rhoSimpleFoam and the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, provides aerodynamic gradient information with significant processing savings. The IPOPT method is used to optimize clmax and L/D. The design method uses a point-to-point matched multi-block grid system and the Message Passing Interface standard for communication in calculations. Design variables include airfoil shape, element placements, and angle of attack.

A single element airfoil namely the NACA0012 airfoil is also run through the algorithm to optimize it for high Cl(max) and L/D, this is done to validate the algorithm. This video below illustrates the stages the airfoil goes through.

The ADHF is a high-lift device that combines a downward deflection spoiler with a hinge flap for improved aerodynamics. The shape of the ADHF airfoil is optimized using the MD-30P30N multi-element airfoil. Here the Adaptive Dropped Hinge Flap (ADHF) is optimized for a higher L/D during cruise condition.

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